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Sequence
Stratigraphy On-Line Papers (Holocene)
Selected
Papers of Holocene Depositional Systems Relative to Carbonate
Buildups (With annotated comments).
With the
exception of the Dill et al, 1990
Guide book to Lee Socking Island the papers are
part of a collection compiled and reviewed by:
Don
McNeil - University of Miami
Note: Several of the papers are cross-referenced with respect
to depositional setting.
Please click on link to view paper.
Platforms
and Platform Margin Accumulations
Platform Interior Facies on Holocene Platforms
Isolated Platforms, Banks, Atolls
Rimmed
Shelves
Inner Shelf Mounds
Shelf-Lagoon Reefs and Sediments
Non-Rimmed
Shelves
Tropical Ramps
Platforms
and Platform Margin Accumulations (top)
Ball,
M.M. 1967. Carbonate sand bodies of Florida and
the Bahamas. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, v.
37, p. 556-591.
[A classic study describing Holocene bank margin and
bank interior sand bodies from the Bahamas, as well as shelf
margin and shelf interior sand deposits from the Florida
shelf. Includes information on sand body attributes, depositional
orientation relative to prevailing winds and currents, and
some information on thickness and rate of accumulation.] |
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Dill, R.F., Kendall C. G. St.C. and Shinn, G. 1990. Guidebook
to the Marine Geology and Tropical Environments of Lee Stocking
Island, the South East Exumas, Bahamas, a 190 page
guidebook privately assembled & distributed to field
trips for students and other interested parties.
[This guidebook largely represents the enthusiastic
observations of Robert Dill & emphases the results of
his work to find and describe the giant subtidal stromatolites
he found and showed the other two authors, & many other
geologists in the vicinity of Lee Socking Island.]
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Dominguez, L.L., and Mullins, H., 1988. Cat Island
platform, Bahamas: an incipiently drowned Holocene carbonate
shelf. Sedimentology, v. 35, p. 805-819.
[ A high-resolution seismic and sediment survey to document
the drowned state of a part of a small carbonate bank in
the Bahamas. Study proposes that rapid flooding during Holocene
sea level rise provided a setting that could not keep up
with the sea level rise. The sediment cover is relict and
has limited reef development due to the relatively (20-30
m) deep water. Good example of heterogeneity in platform
accumulation and spatial "drowning" of a small
carbonate platform.]
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Hine,
A.C., 1983. Relict sand bodies and bedforms of the
northern Bahamas- evidence of extensive early Holocene sand
transport. In, Coated Grains, T.M., Peryt, ed.,
Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, p. 116-131.
[An aerial and ground reconnaissance study of platform
margin and platform interior sand bodies related to early
transgression of a large carbonate platform. Study documents
the relict nature of large sand sheets that were deposited
early in the platform flooding and are now relatively inactive.
Good data set on size attributes of carbonate sand bodies.] |
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Hine,
A.C., and Steinmetz, J.C., 1984. Cay Sal Bank, Bahamas
- A partially drowned carbonate platform. Marine
Geology, v. 59, p. 135-164.
[ Seismic, sediment, ground observation, and satellite
imagery combined to assess Holocene deposition on a isolated
platform and the impact of offbank sediment transport related
to current and storm processes. Study indicates subdued
margin development and relatively low sediment accumulation
along the margin and interior of the platform, respectively.
The depth of the platform suggests that it was flooded during
a period of rapid sea level rise (~8-10 ka). This rapid
flooding has produced conditions that contribute to incipient
drowning through low sediment production by typical shallow-water
organisms, off-bank transport of sediment that is produced
in situ, as well as possible environmental (coldwater) stresses.] |
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Illing, L.V., 1954. Bahaman calcareous sands.
Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists Bull., v. 38, p. 1-95.
[A very valuable, but somewhat dated study of the sediment
types and their distribution within the large platforms
of the Bahamas. Study details the grain types and thus the
basic facies types that comprise the different sand bodies
on the margins and on the interior parts of the platform.
Study recognizes the influence of tidal-driven circulation
on formation of platform-margin sand bodies and their greater
rate of accumulation.] |
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Logan,
A., 1988. Holocene reefs of Bermuda. Sedimenta
XI, University of Miami, 63 pp.
[ A relatively recent overview of the reefs that form
the Bermuda platform, including the platform margin reefs,
lagoonal reefs, and inshore reefs. This study summarizes
the major reef facies, the sediment types in these facies,
as well as a comparison to the reef styles found in the
Caribbean-West Indian reef systems.] |
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Logan,
A., 1988. The reefs and lagoons of Cayman Brac and
Little Cayman. In, The Biogeography and Ecology of
the Cayman Islands., D.R. Stoddart, M. Brunt, and J.E. Davies,
eds., W. Junk Publisher, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
[An overview of reef buildups and lagoonal sedimentation
that combine to form the Holocene sedimentary cover on several
of the small platforms that comprise the Cayman islands. Good
example of reef facies, distribution, geometry, and accumulation
style.] |
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Newell,
N.D. and Rigby, J.K., 1957. Geological studies in
the Great Bahama Bank. In, Regional Aspects of
Carbonate Sedimentation, R.J. Le Blanc and J.G. Breeding,
eds., Spec. Pub. Soc. Econ. Paleont. Miner. No 5, p. 15-79.
[An early study on the facies relationships and processes
of a large carbonate platform. Especially important is the
detailed study of the platform margin reefs. This study
provides excellent documentation of a bank-margin reef system.] |
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| Purdy,
E.G., 1963, Recent calcium carbonate facies of the
Great Bahama Bank. 1. Petrography and reaction groups. Journal
of Geology, v. 71, p. 334-355. |
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Purdy,
E.G., 1963, Recent calcium carbonate facies of the
Great Bahama Bank. 2. Sedimentary facies. Journal
of Geology, v. 71, p. 472-497.
[ Part 1 and Part 2 of Purdy's work combine to provide
a detailed sedimentary characterization of bank top carbonate
sedimentation. Excellent example of scale attributes to
platform margin sands and bank interior deposits.] |
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Roberts,
H.H., Aharon, P., and Phipps, C.V., 1988. Morphology
and sedimentology of Halimeda bioherms from the eastern
Java Sea (Indonesia). Coral Reefs, v. 6, p. 161-172.
[ This study serves to characterize the skeletal sand
buildups on a carbonate bank positioned in front of the
Sunda Shelf. These buildups are dominated by the green alga
Halimeda. Some attribute information is available from the
seismic data shown in this paper, the oceanographic processes
are a primary focus in determining the controls on deposition
of the Halimeda bioherms.] |
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Roberts,
H.H., and Murray, S.P., 1984. Developing carbonate
platforms: southern Gulf of Suez, Northern Red Sea.
Marine Geology, v. 59, p. 165-185.
[A facies and morphological characterization of several
small carbonate platforms that occur in between the Red Sea
and the Gulf of Suez. The active regional tectonism has provided
the foundation for these platforms. The study provides some
detailed attribute and facies information as well as oceanographic
processes that influence carbonate sedimentation. Good model
for facies distribution on small platforms and buildups.] |
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Wanless, H.R., Tedesco, L.P., Rossinsky, V.J., and Dravis,
J.J., 1989. Carbonate environments and sequences
of Caicos platform, with an introductory evaluation of South
Florida. 28th Intl. Geol. Congress, Field Trip
Guidebook, T374, p. 1-75.
[ A relatively up-to-date overview of the Caicos platform,
a medium-size platform system in a arid setting with strong
oceanographic influences. This guidebook details the Holocene
sedimentary facies across the platform from intertidal processes
near the islands on the northern rim, to more open marine,
tidally-influenced ooid sand accumulations on the central
and southern side. A good source of information on facies
relationships, spatial scale, and intra-platform facies
variations.] |
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Platform
Interior Facies on Holocene Platforms (top)
Ball,
M.M. 1967. Carbonate sand bodies of Florida and
the Bahamas. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, v.
37, p. 556-591.
[See description above.] |
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Mark
R. Boardman, Cindy Carney, (1991) Origin and Accumulation
of Lime Mud in Ooid Tidal Channels, Bahamas, Journal
of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 61 No. 5. Pages 661-680
[Lime mud ascribed to mix of human intervention, huricane
erosion and accumulation]
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Gischler,
E., 1994. Sedimentation on three Caribbean atolls:
Glovers Reef, Lighthouse Reef and Turneffe Islands, Belize.
Facies, v. 31, p. 243-254.
[ One of three publications (see following two descriptions)
that provide a detailed characterization of sedimentation
on several isolated, offshore platforms in the western Caribbean.
Combined, these three studies provide both spatial detail
with respect too depositional and sediment facies, as well
as some information on the rate of Holocene sediment accumulation.] |
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Gischler,
E., and Hudson, J.H., 1998. Holocene development
of three isolated carbonate platforms, Belize, Central America.
Marine Geology, v. 144, p. 333-347.
[ See above reference. This study provides age-dating
information on platform margin accumulation rate.]
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Gischler,
E., and Lomando, A.J., 1999. Recent sedimentary
facies of isolated carbonate platforms, Belize-Yucatan system,
Central America. Journal Sedimentary Petrology,
v. 69, p. 747-763.
[ Excellent illustration of facies types and their distribution
on several isolated carbonate platforms. Useful information
of facies zonation, size attributes, and relative thickness.]
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Hine,
A.C., Hallock, P., Harris, M.W., Mullins, H.T., Belknap,
D.F., and Jaap, W.C., 1988. Halimeda bioherms along
an open seaway: Miskito Channel, Nicaraguan Rise, SW Caribbean
Sea. Coral Reefs, v. 6, p. 173-178.
[ Seismic reflection-based study of Halimeda buildups
on the Nicaraguan Rise. Publication includes several high-resolution
seismic profiles to document position and size of the buildups
relative to the adjacent bank margin. Good example of bank
margin buildups.]
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Lloyd, R.M., Perkins, RD, and Kerr, S.D., 1987. Beach
and shoreface ooid deposition on shallow interior banks,
Turks and Caicos Island, British West Indies. Journal
Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, p. 976-982.
[ Holocene non-skeletal sand deposits that are forming
on the inner-side of the (Pleistocene) islands that occur
along the northern side of the Caicos Platform. Good example
of a carbonate sand buildup away from the platform margin.]
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Milliman,
J.D., 1967. Carbonate sedimentation on Hogsty reef
- A Bahamian atoll. Journal Sedimentary Petrology,
v. 37, p. 658-678.
[ Facies characterization of a small atoll-type feature
in the southern Bahamas with emphasis on the influence of
wind and currents on the formation of a reefal rim. A Well
documented sediment characterization for the atoll rim,
back reef rim, lagoon, and patch reef facies. No accumulation
data.]
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Newell, N.D., Purdy, E.G., and Imbrie, J., 1960, Bahamian
oolitic sand. Journal Geology, v. 68, p. 481-497.
[ A study focused on the occurrence, formation, and
distribution of bank-margin ooid sand deposits on a large
carbonate platform margin. Useful information on size and
orientation of marginal sand deposits.]
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Phipps,
C., and Robert, H.H., 1988. Seismic characteristics
and accretion history of Halimeda bioherms on Kalukalukuang
Bank, eastern Java Sea (Indonesia). Coral Reefs,
v. 6, p. 149-159.
[ Seismic study of K-Bank limestone platform some 50
km east of the Sunda Shelf margin. This study documents
the surficial morphology and internal geometry of Halimeda
bioherms. Study provides some data on buildup attribute,
facies composition, and internal geometry.]
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Rankey, Eugene C. (2002), Spatial Patterns of Sediment Accumulation
on a Holocene Carbonate Tidal Flat, Northwest Andros Island,
Bahamas, Journal of Sedimentary Research, Vol. 72, No. 5,
Pages 591-601
[Study documents the surficial morphology and internal
geometry of carbonate tidal flat with facies composition,
and internal geometry and their response to processes.]
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Wanless,
H.R., Tedesco, L.P., Rossinsky, V.J., and Dravis, J.J.,
1989. Carbonate environments and sequences of Caicos
platform, with an introductory evaluation of South Florida.
28th Intl. Geol. Congress, Field Trip Guidebook,
T374, p. 1-75.
[ See description above.]
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Isolated
Platforms, Banks, Atolls (top)
Milliman,
J.D., 1967. Carbonate sedimentation on Hogsty reef
- A Bahamian atoll. Journal Sedimentary Petrology,
v. 37, p. 658-678.
[ See description above.] |
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Purdy,
E.G., and Bertram, G.T., 1993. Carbonate concepts
from the Maldives, Indian Ocean. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum
Geologists Studies in Geology No. 34. Tulsa, OK, 56 pp.
[ A
comprehensive study on the numerous isolated platforms and
atolls that form the Maldives. This report includes detailed
aerial and satellite photographs that provide good scale
and attribute information on the Holocene (surficial) deposition
of these reef buildups. Useful model for intra-platform/atoll
buildups.] |
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Triffleman, N.J., Hallock, P., and Hine, A.C., 1992.
Morphology, sediments, and depositional environments of
a partially drowned carbonate platform: Serranilla Bank-southwest
Caribbean Sea. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, v.
62, p. 591-606.
[ Seismic
study with some ground-truth of a small carbonate bank on
the Nicaraguan Rise shelf system. The bank is submerged,
and is not producing sediment enough to keep up with the
rise of Holocene sea level. The Holocene sediments consist
of predominantly skeletal sand but the unit is relatively
thin (up to 8 m) and coarse-grained. Strong currents winnow
the mud away (off bank). Example of isolated banks and small
platforms that are partially drowned and dominated by erosion
instead of shallow-water carbonate deposition. |
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Rimmed
Shelves
Inner
Shelf Mounds (top)
Bosence,
D.W.J., Rowlands, R.J., and Quine, M.L., 1985. Sedimentology
and budget of a Recent carbonate mound, Florida Keys. Sedimentology,
v. 32, p. 317-343.
[ Detailed surficial and subsurface bio- and sediment-facies
study of a biogenic mound or buildup on the inner part of
the Florida shelf. Good example of facies transition from
predominantly mud to coralgal sand/gravel during the Holocene
transgression and the associated increase in water circulation.
Study provides carbon-14 dates to assess rate information.
Good spatial facies map and aerial photographs for scale
attributes. Study can be grouped with Turmel and Swanson
(1976) results, see below. ] |
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Enos,
P., 1977. Holocene sediment accumulations of the
South Florida shelf margin. In, Quaternary Sedimentation
in South Florida. P. Enos and R.D. Perkins, eds., Mem. Geological
Soc. America No. 147, p. 1-130.
[ A comprehensive mapping and coring effort that documents
the sediments, depositional facies, and extent of the carbonate
deposits that comprise the Florida shelf. Detailed core
information, some bottom and sub-bottom profiling data,
excellent map illustrations on the thickness and scale of
Holocene facies.] |
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Enos,
P., and Perkins, R.D., 1979. Evolution of Florida
Bay from island stratigraphy. Bull. Geol. Soc.
of America, v. 90, p. 59-83.
[ A core-based study that documents the development
of lagoonal, mud-dominated buildups on the Florida shelf.
Modern example of mud mound deposition in a restricted setting.] |
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Turmel,
R.J., and Swanson, R.G., 1976. The development of
Rodriquez Bank, a Holocene mudbank in the Florida reef tract.
Journal Sedimentary Petrology, v. 46, p. 497-518.
[ A detailed surface and subsurface characterization
of a reef mound on the inner part of the Florida Shelf.
Useful information on upward facies evolution and rate of
change based on carbon-14 dating. Combine with Bosence (1985)
study described above.] |
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Wanless,
H.R., and Tagett, M.G., 1989. Origin, growth and
evolution of carbonate mudbanks in Florida Bay.
Bull. Marine Science, v. 44, p. 454-489.
[ A thorough core-based documentation of the different
mudbank types in the Florida Bay lagoon. Study also includes
useful aerial documentation of modern mudbank features to
express size attributes. Good example of lagoon sedimentation
in response to the Holocene sea level transgression.] |
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Wanless, H.R., Cottrell, D.J., Tagett, M.G., Tedesco, L.P.,
and Warzeski, E.R., 1995. Origin and growth of carbonate
banks in south Florida. In, Carbonate Mud Mounds,
C.L.V. Monty, D.W.J. Bosence, P.H. Bridges, and B.R. Pratt,
eds., Spec. Pub. Inter. Assoc. of Sedimentologists No. 23,
p. 439-473.
[ A regional study of several different types of mud-dominated
deposits on the south Florida shelf. Includes banks from
both the restricted and tidal dominated parts of the shelf.
Excellent data compilation on Holocene accumulation rate
for both lagoon and tidal-dominated setting.] |
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Shelf-Lagoon
Reefs and Sediments (top)
Adey,
W.H., and Burke, R., 1977. Holocene bioherms of
the Lesser Antilles- geologic control of development.
In, Reefs and Related Carbonates- Ecology and Sedimentology,
S.H. Frost, M.P. Weiss, and J.B. Saunders, eds., Amer. Assoc.
Petrol. Geologists Studies in Geology No. 4, p. 67-8.
[ This
study provides valuable information on coral reef and algal
accumulation rates in tropical settings (Caribbean) and
how these biohermal deposits contribute to carbonate platform
margin and rim development. Useful overview of the potential
for reefs to build vertically as well as laterally in tectonically
active areas.]
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| Choi,
D.R., and R.N. Ginsburg, 1982, Foundations of Quaternary
reefs in the southernmost Belize Lagoon, British Honduras:
Geol. Soc. Amer. Bulletin, v. 93, p. 116-126. |
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Choi,
D.R., and C.W. Holmes, 1982, Foundations of Quaternary
reefs in south-central Belize Lagoon, Central America:
Amer. .Assoc. Petrol. Geologists Bulletin, v. 66, p. 2663-2671.
[ These
two Choi studies provide information that shows the control
of precursor topography on the development of Holocene reefs.
Especially important is that the geometry of Holocene buildups
are directly influenced by either earlier sedimentary deposition
(in this case fluvial siliciclastics) or by karstic modification.
Paper includes useful information of scale of reef deposits
and their shape. Can combine with more recent data to assess
rate of accumulation.]
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Davies,
P.J. and Marshall, J.F., 1985. Halimeda bioherms-low
energy reefs, northern Great Barrier Reef. Proc.
5th Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti, v. 5, p. 1-7.
[Additional example of shelf-lagoon buildups. In this
example Halimeda bioherms form large and spatially extensive
buildups behind (1-2 km) the reef-rimmed shelf of the Great
Barrier Reef. Seismic and bathymetric profiles provide a
valuable data set on morphology and scale of these shelf
buildups. Paper provides age information and vertical accumulation
rates from several of the buildups.]
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Enos,
P., 1977. Holocene sediment accumulations of the
South Florida shelf margin. In, Quaternary Sedimentation
in South Florida. P. Enos and R.D. Perkins, eds., Mem. Geological
Soc. America No. 147, p. 1-130.
[ See description above.]
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Esker,
D., Eberli, G.P., and McNeill, D.F., 1998. The structural
and sedimentological controls on the reoccupation of Quaternary
incised valleys, Belize southern lagoon. Amer.
Assoc. Petrol. Geologists Bulletin, v. 82, p. 2075-2109.
[ Similar
to the Choi publications, this paper takes a more regional
view of the reefal and Halimeda buildups within the Belize
lagoon. Information on the size, thickness, and spatial
relationship of reef highs and adjacent siliciclastic lows
is available here.]
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Marshall,
J.F. and Davies, P.J., 1982. Internal structure
and Holocene evolution of One Tree Reef, southern Great
Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, v. 1, p. 21-28.
[ A core-based study on a shelf reef buildup provides
detailed facies and accumulation rate information for a
small (6 km wide), isolated reef platform within the shelf
lagoon of the Great Barrier Reef. Good example of reef development
during rising sea level and the transition from a catch-up
style of deposition to a leeward progradative phase.]
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Phipps,
C.V., Davies, P.J., and Hopley, D., 1985. The morphology
of Halimeda banks behind the Great Barrier Reef east of
Cooktown, Queensland. Proc. 5th Coral Reef Congress,
Tahiti, v. 5, p. 27-30.
[ A submersible-based characterization of biofacies
and morphology of Halimeda buildups from the Great Barrier
Reef lagoon. Documentation of sediment facies on the bank
tops and sediment accumulation on the flanks of the buildups.]
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Phipps,
C., and Robert, H.H., 1988. Seismic characteristics
and accretion history of Halimeda bioherms on Kalukalukuang
Bank, eastern Java Sea (Indonesia). Coral Reefs,
v. 6, p. 149-159.
[ See description above.]
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Purdy,
E.G., 1974, Karst-determined facies patterns in
British Honduras: Holocene carbonate sedimentation model:
Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists Bulletin, v. 58, p. 825-855.
[ A fine example of how the distribution of Holocene
sediment types and depositional facies is correlated with
bathymetry as a result of differences in water circulation
arising form precursor relief associated with karstification.
Depositional model stressing the importance of existing
relief during transgression of a shelf/platform system.
See related studies on Belize lagoon model for information
on reef geometries, distribution, and depositional facies.]
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Pusey,
W.C., 1975. Holocene carbonate sedimentation on
northern Belize shelf. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists
Studies in Geology No. 2, p. 131-233.
[ A study of the distribution of Holocene sedimentary
facies and sediment accumulation on a semi-restricted shelf
lagoon and shelf margin. Detailed surface mapping of grain
type and textural characteristics combined with subsurface
representation of these facies-types. Study provides good
constraints on the size of the different lithofacies. Recent
age-dating can provide accumulation rate information.]
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Scoffin,
T.P., and Tudhope, A.W., 1985. Sedimentary environments
of the central region of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia.
Coral Reefs, v. 4, p. 81-93.
[ A well-documented example of shelf margin, shelf edge,
and forereef sedimentary facies along a barrier reef system.
Especially useful is the facies mapping of shallow buildups
that are separated by deeper channels. Also well documented
are the shelf edge slope lithofacies and the leeward reef
talus wedge.]
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Non-Rimmed
Shelves (top)
Folk,
R.L., and Robles, R., 1964. Carbonate sands of Isla
Perez, Alacran Reef complex, Yucatan. Journal of
Geology, v. 72, p. 255-292.
[ A classic study of carbonate grain types and lithofacies
within a isolated reef buildup on the Yucatan shelf. Although
somewhat dated, the facies distribution is useful for showing
windward-leeward zonation in an isolated reefal buildup.
Combined with more recent age dating from cores, can provide
a useful reef model.]
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Glaser,
K.S., and Droxler, A.W., 1991. High production and
highstand shedding from deeply submerged carbonate banks,
northern Nicaragua Rise. Journal Sedimentary Petrology,
v. 61, p. 128-142.
[ This
study documents the carbonate sediment production from deep-water
banks on the Nicaraguan Rise. It is useful to demonstrate
that these deeper banks can generate significant sediment,
but that much of the sediment is transported offbank to
the adjacent flank and basin.]
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Hine,
A.C., Hallock, P., Harris, M.W., Mullins, H.T., Belknap,
D.F., and Jaap, W.C., 1988. Halimeda bioherms along
an open seaway: Miskito Channel, Nicaraguan Rise, SW Caribbean
Sea. Coral Reefs, v. 6, p. 173-178.
[ See
description above.]
|
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Logan,
B.W., Harding, J.L., Ahr, W.M., Williams, J.D., and Snead,
R.G., 1969. Carbonate sediments and reefs, Yucatan
Shelf, Mexico. Mem. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists
No.11, 198 pp.
[ A comprehensive, regional study dealing with carbonate
open-shelf/ramp facies. Good example of reefal buildups
within an open-shelf setting. When combined with other core
and surface information these data provide good spatial
information for shelf depositional models. See Hoskins (1963);
Folk and Robles (1964); Macintyre et al. (1977) for related
information.]
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Macintyre,
I.G., Burke, R.B. and Stuckenrath, R., 1977. Thickest
recorded Holocene reef section, Isla Pérez core hole,
Alacran Reef, Mexico. Geology, v. 5, p. 749-754.
[ Core-based study that provides age dating of the reef
deposits on the Yucatan shelf. Age-data provide well-constrained
values for reef accumulation for the past 6-8 ka. Combine
with Logan et al. (19690 for comprehensive facies model.]
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Roberts,
H.H., Phipps, C.V., and Effendi, L., 1987. Halimeda
bioherms of the eastern Java Sea, Indonesia. Geology,
v. 15, p. 371-374.
[ Information on the distribution, morphology, and internal
geometry of Halimeda bioherms. Study based mainly on seismic
data to document thickness, although some core data is presented.
Accumulation rate data is presented based on carbon-14 age
dating of the top 3 m of a piston core. Combine with Phipps
and Robert (1988) and Roberts et al. (1988) for a more comprehensive
facies model.]
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Shinn, E.A., Lidz, B.H., and Holmes, C.W., 1990. High-energy
carbonate-sand accumulation, the Quicksands, southwest Florida
Keys. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, v. 60, p.
952-967.
[ Seismic-reflection
based survey of tidally-dominated, bank margin skeletal
sand shoals along the southern end of the west Florida ramp
system. Good regional database on size of individual sand
shoals as well as the complete belt of shoals. Although
tidal dominated by north-south flow, shoals show westward
accretion by the predominantly Halimeda sands. Useful example
of upper ramp sand accumulation.]
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Triffleman, N.J., Hallock, P., and Hine, A.C., 1992. Morphology,
sediments, and depositional environments of a small carbonate
platform: Serranilla Bank, Nicaraguan Rise- southwest Caribbean
Sea. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, v. 62, p. 591-606.
[ See
description above.]
|
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Tropical Ramps
(top)
Newton,
C.R., Mullins, H.T., Gardulski, A.F., Hine, A.C., and Dix,
G.R., 1987. Coral mounds on the west Florida slope:
unanswered questions regarding the development of deep-water
banks. Palaios, v. 4, p. 359-367.
[ An example of deep-water reef mounds (10-15 m relief)
on the outer part of the west Florida ramp system. Although
the core of these deposits is Pleistocene, modern deep-water
coral and organisms cap these deposits.] |
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Purser,
B.H., 1973. Sedimentation around bathymetric highs
in the southern Persian Gulf. In, The Persian Gulf,
B.H. Purser, ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 157-177.
[ A compilation of examples of carbonate sedimentation
around bathymetric highs in the southern Persian Gulf. The
examples include basin center highs, intermediate highs,
and coastal highs. The three-different types of bathymetric
highs and their respective sediment facies are documented
in this study. Facies range from fringing reefs, to coral-algal
sands, to mud and muddy sands. Several examples are presented
and are sufficiently detailed to provide information for
facies models.] |
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Purser, B.H. (ed.), 1973. The Persian Gulf. Holocene
carbonate sedimentation and diagenesis in a shallow epicontinental
sea. Springer-Verlag, New York, 471 pp.
[ A
comprehensive compilation of Holocene sedimentation on this
shelf-ramp system, ranging from supratidal to deep-water
(~40 m) shelf facies.] |
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